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This map represents Europe in 1560, shortly after Charles V's death and the division of his lands between the Spanish branch and the Austrian branch of his family.
On this map, yellow marks the possessions of the Spanish Habsburgs which included Spain, the Kingdom of Sardinia (the island in the middle of the Mediterranean), the Kingdom of Naples (southern half of Italy), Milan and environs (the splotch of yellow in northern Italy), and the Netherlands. The cartographer has also used yellow to represent Sweden, but Sweden was not part of the Spanish Habsburg possessions.
Orange shows the possessions of the Austrian Habsburgs, which included mainly Austria and Bohemia. The Austrian Habsburgs also remained in control of the Holy Roman Empire. The map has represented the borders of the Holy Roman Empire with some orange shading that you can see in certain places. Starting in north Germany, this border runs along the coast of the Baltic and North seas (but excludes Denmark, which is colored in velvet). It includes the Netherlands (yellow) and runs along the border with France (shaded in green to the west). It encompasses part of northern Italy as well as the Austrian Habsburg possessions in Austria and Bohemia (colored orange) before running northward to the Baltic. Within the Holy Roman Empire, we can see the large principalities of Brandenburg (light blue), Bavaria (shaded with green borders), and Saxony (shaded with pink borders).
Across the channel from France, England appears in pink. In eastern Europe, we see the large principality of Lithuania and Poland, and farther to the east, we see Muscovy, outlined in pink shading. To the south of Lithuania and Poland, shaded with gray borders, lies the Ottoman Empire which includes the Balkans, Greece, and Turkey, as well as much of North Africa.
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Copyrighted by Hugh Dubrulle, 2003.