![]() | BI338 Invertebrate Zoology, Fall 2009Brian K. Penney, Ph.D. Goulet 2320, Ph 641-7149, email: bpenney (at) anselm.edu | Main Page Definitions Phyla Review Section Projects |
[replaces the normal question of "list and discuss general animal characters seen in phylum, so this will not be asked individually of lophophorate phyla]
(= Ectoprocta; ca. 4,000 ppp.). Marine and freshwater colonial suspension feeders.
B2 Fig 21.2E (note split section)
(ca. 300 spp.) Marine bivalved filter feeders.
-B2 Fig 21.19A
Type of Movement: Sedentary (Ectoprocts) and Locomotor (Brachiopoda)
System Architecture: Circular and Longitudinal muscles. Circular muscles are only capable of limited movement.
Control of System: Hydrostatic qualities of the coelomic chambers (protocoel, mesocoel, and metacoel) allows for contraction.
Architecture:
Growth:
Muscle Antagonism and Movement:
Food Capture / Ingestion.
Mechanical Breakdown
Chemical Breakdown
Absorption
Defecation
Gamete formation and reproductive organs- simple, often transient reproductive systems from peritoneum; dioecious and hermaphroditic
Gamete release/ delivery, mating- gametes carried into outside by nephridia
Fertilization- external
Incubation, brooding- external brooding in some ectoprocts, brooding until larval stage in brachiopods
Asexual reproduction- bryozoa asexual colonies develop from single sexually produced individual (ancestrula), no asexual reproduction in brachiopoda
Circulatory fluid and carrier molecules
Structural mechanism to pump fluid
Path of fluid movement
System Architecture
Ectoprocts
Fluid movement across surface-movement is across the walls of the protraced parts of the polypide
Architecture of system- the tentacles provide surface area but there is no specific system.
Local conditions- there are not respirtory pigments to aid in anoxic condtions.
Branchiopoda
Fluid movement across surface-Occurs across the general body surface especially the large surface areas of the tentacles and mantle
Architecture of system-Because of the presence of hemerythrin and the general arangment of the animal the coelomic fluid is the medium or oxygen transport not the blood.
Local conditions-nothing is mentioned regarding anoxic conditions
-phoronid-
-a pair of metanephridia lie in the trunk; each has two nephrostomes opening to the metacoel
-in heach nephridium, the nephrostomes join a curved nephridioduct, leading to a nephridiopore adjacent to the anus
-not much is known, but crystalline matter has been seen to exit the nephridiopores, representing precipitated nitrogenous waste products
-ectoproct
-metabolic wastes are accumulated and transported by phagocytic coelomocytes
-elimination of wastes not entirely known, but occurs partly by brown bodies
-appearance of brown bodies associated with degeneration of polypides which is followed by reformation of a new polypide
-it is thought that metabolic wastes are precipitated and concentrated in the brown bodies and therefore are eliminated or rendered inert
-brachiopod
-have one or two pairs of metanephridia with nephrostomes opening to the metacoel
-nephridioducts exit through pores into the mantle cavity
-nephridia discharge phagocytic coelomocytes that have the accumulated metabolic wastes
Phylum Phoronid:
Physical:
-defensibly ciliated
Chemical, behavioral, immune: not much is known
Phylum Bryozoa
Physical
Exoskeleton can be chitinous or calcified
Posses Avicularia are modified to be jaws to defend the colony. Vibracula have modified whip like structures to defend the colony.
Can have spines and protuberances
Chemical:
Can have chemicals against predators
Behavioral and immune: not much is known
Phylum: Brachiopod:
Physical:
Shells
Spines in some animals
Chemical, Immune, Behavioral:
Not much is known
| updated: 12/7/09 | all writing and graphics, copyright Brian K. Penney and the 2008 and 2009 years' classes, unless otherwise noted |