I Chemistry in Biology/Current Applications
A) Ozone - good news and bad news
good news - ozone layer offers protection against UV rays/skin cancer
bad news - pollutant formed from effects of sunlight on hydrocarbons and NO
damages lung tissue, lowers resistance to pneumonia, aggravates bronchitis and asthma
B) Nuclear power, atomic bombs, nuclear accidents, nuclear winter, other chemical accidents
Nuclear power - energy released by chain reaction
C) Acid rain, particularly in northern Canada and eastern Europe
D) Organic pollutantsE) Inorganic Pollutants
Lead, Asbestos, Phosphorous
F) Radioisotopes in medicine
labeling chemicals and finding their targets in the brain
radiotherapy - destroying reproduction in cancer cellsG) Food and Diet - carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
H) Greenhouse gases - CO2
I) Chemical elements in the human bodyJ) The Wheels
Household Product Management
Color Designation Product Alternatives (Before Choosing) Alternatives for disposal (If you can't use or share leftovers), Potential Hazard Blue Home Mercury Thermometers
Thermostats
Blue Home Propane Gas Cylinder Green Cleaner Bleach Green Cleaner Toilet bowl cleaners Blue Paints/Solvents Water-based latex paints Blue Paints/Solvents Solvent-based paint products Yellow Pesticides Rodenticides Yellow Pesticides Flea and tick products Red Automotive Automotive batteries Red Automotive Used motor oil
Recycle Arizona
Recyclabe Item Materials (if available) Reduce/Reuse Recycled products Aluminum cans Office-type paper Newspaper Magazines/Catalogues Plastic Soft Drink/ Carbonated Beverage Bottles Glass bottles/jars Tires Automotive batteries
II Basic Chemistry
A) Hierarchy in Chemistry
Macromolecules
Molecules
Atoms
Atomic Particles = Protons, Neutrons, e-
B) Structural Organization of atoms
1) Nucleus - contains protons and neutrons,
2) Shells and orbitals - electrons
3) valence electrons (Na - 1, C - 4)
C) Symbols and the Periodic Table
1) Atomic number = number of protons
2) Atomic mass = number of protons + number of neutrons
IV Chemical Reactions (from atoms to molecules)
A) Reactions
1) Catabolic: AB -------- A + B + energy
2) Anabolic: energy + A + B -------- AB
B) Chemical behavior - dictated by the number and
arrangement of electrons in orbitals around the nucleus
1) valence electrons, number of electrons in the outermost
shell
C) Bonds
1) Ionic (donation of electrons)
opposite charges attract ions
2) Covalent (sharing electrons)
3) Hydrogen (polar molecules with hydrogen)
V Water: Biologically Important Molecules
A) Most important chemical for living organisms
most of the cell is composed of water
B) Special Properties of Water
1) polarity
2) good solvent because of its polarity
2a) example with NaCl
3) less dense at lower temperatures
C) Acids and Bases and Water
1) pH meter used to measure acidity of water solutions
pH scale
2) Increase the H+ ion concentration increase the acidity
(lowers the pH)
3) Increase the OH- ion concentration increase the alkalinity
(raises the pH)
VI Organic Chemistry: Biologically Important Molecules
A) 4 Major Groups - Polymers:
Carbohydrates
Lipids/Fats
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
B) Process - building polymers = dehydration synthesis
C) Carbohydrates (sugars)
1) Building blocks = monosaccharides
dehydration synthesis yields polysaccharides
2) function = chemical energy
a) Examples - glycogen in animals, starch in
plants
3) function = outer covering
b) Examples = cell wall (cellulose) in plants,
chitin exoskeleton in insects
D) Lipids (fats)
1) building blocks = glycerol and fatty acids
2) Functions
a) store energy
b) also insulation for some marine mammals,
exploited for oils (whales and oilbirds,
Great Auk, etc...)
c) building hormones (steroids)
estrogen
testosterone
d) building cell membranes with phospholipids
3) Problems with fats
a) Cardiovascular disease (caused by excess intake of
animal fats which are saturated fats - solids at room
temperature versus plant fats - unsaturated fats
which are oils at room temp.)
b) Cholesterol guidelines from JAMA
E) Proteins - Organic molecules with amine groups (NH2)
1) Building blocks = Amino Acids
some examples (tyrosine, lysine, glutamate)
some examples (glycine, valine, phenylalanine)
some examples (methionine, proline)
dehydration synthesis of proteins
2) Functions
a) enzymes for chemical reactions in the body, lower the energy of activation
b) structural: hair, nails, horns, bird feathers,
muscle proteins, components of blood)
F) Nucleic Acids (larger than previous 3 molecules) - DNA, RNA
1) Building blocks = Nucleotides and Nitrogenous bases
Nucleotide backbone = 5C sugar + phosphate
Nitrogenous Bases
Purines and Pyrimidines
Rules: A - T, C - G for DNA, A - U, C - G for RNA
2) Function = used to build DNA double helix, code is formed by sequence of
different nitrogenous bases
Blackboard at Saint Anselm College
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Copyright © 2001 Jay Pitocchelli. All rights reserved. The contents of this page are the intellectual property of Dr. Jay Pitocchelli for distribution to students enrolled in General Biology BI 01 at Saint Anselm College. These pages may not be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated, or published in any electronic or machine-readable form in whole or in part without prior written approval of Jay Pitocchelli. Students enrolled in General Biology BI 01 at Saint Anselm College have permission to print this material for their lecture notes. The images linked to this web page are the sole property of Addison Wesley/ Benjamin Cummings Publishers™.