| Year | Area | Winners | Discovery |
| 2006 | Physiology and or Medicine | Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello | "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA" |
| Physics | John C. Mather, George F. Smoot | "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" | |
| Chemistry | Roger D. Kornberg | "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" | |
| 2005 | Physiology and or Medicine | Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren | Discovered Helicobacter pylori bacteria as the source of ulcers |
| Physics | Roy J. Glauber | "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence" | |
| John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch | "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique" | ||
| Chemistry | Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock | "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" | |
| 2004 | Physiology and or Medicine | Axel, Buck | genetics of the sense of smell |
| Physics | Gross, Politzer | quarks and strong force that holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus | |
| Chemistry | Ciechanover, Hershko, Rose | cellular destruction of proteins |