In the current study, the initial hypotheses were partially
supported. It appears that the type of interviewer and the type of questioning
have an impact on the number of correct responses attained regarding past
events.
The subjects in the non-authority condition answered
more questions correctly than the subjects in the perceived authority condition.
This was true regardless of the type of interviewer. The non-authority
figure condition was set up to create a more relaxed atmosphere in which
the subjects were not intimidated, and felt comfortable answering the questions,
even if it meant countering what the experimenter said.
The hypothesis regarding question type was not supported.
This result, although significant, is at odds with the current literature.
The current study found subjects in the leading conditions to have a higher
number of correct responses on the Bonn Test of Statement Suggestibility
than subjects in the open-ended conditions.
This result may be due in part to the format of the leading
questions. Because five of them contained correct information, it may have
given the leading question group an unfair advantage. The open-ended versions
of those questions required the other subjects to come up with an answer
on their own, thereby making it a more difficult task. Had the leading
questions been less informative, the might have been a main effect in the
predicted direction. Anyone replicating this study may want to consider
that point.
The interaction effect that was predicted expected there
to be no differences between the two non-authority conditions, but expected
to see a difference between the two perceived authority conditions, where
the open-ended condition would have a higher number of correct scores than
the leading condition. What was discovered, however, was that the number
of questions in the perceived authority conditions were relatively stable.
On the other hand, the non-authority condition that received leading questions
gained a higher number of correct responses than the non-authority, open-ended
question group.
It may be speculated that subjects in this condition
felt more comfortable correcting the interviewer’s facts in the leading
conditions. The lower scores on the open-ended questions could be attributed
to their level of difficulty to the population used in the study.
The number of intrusions as compared to the first and
second recall of the story may hold important implications. The experimenter’s
initial hypothesis was supported. It was found that the number of induced,
as opposed to extraneous intrusions, or facts not part of the story, was
significantly increased when there were leading questions. This may imply
that leading questions and the information in them may become part of a
child’s actual memory for an event. When these leading questions contain
false information, this may be particularly dangerous, especially when
children of this age are being interviewed in forensic situations.
After the data was collected, another factor was
analyzed. The number of shifts was investigated. Though there were no predictions,
the statistical results make sense and are in accordance with the initial
hypothesis and current research. When there is the potential for intimidation
by a perceived authority figure, it makes sense that a primary school aged
child would have doubts as to the correctness of their initial answers.
This would lead a child to change his or her answer in order to please
the person interviewing them. However, when there is no threat as to the
characteristics of the interviewer, as took place in the non-authority
condition, the child may be more likely to concur with their original answer,
or, not shift at all.
From the results of the current study, it can be
speculated that when questioned in an informal environment, children are
less worried about appeasing a potential authority figure and will make
more accurate assessments of a past event.
There were some limits to the current study. For
instance, some of the subjects briefly interacted with the interviewer
before they were to be tested when she visited each of the classrooms.
Therefore, the children saw her dress as both authoritarian and more peer-like.
If this study were to be replicated, it would be beneficial to have no
interaction with students out of character for the condition to which they
have been assigned.
Another potential problem is in the measure used.
The version of the Bonn Test of Statement Suggestibility that was used
did not come with scoring for all of the dependent measures. For example,
the test did not come with a set of open-ended questions, so the experimenter
created them. There was no reliability measure for these questions. Also,
there was no accurate measure for the number of intrusions. If this study
is to be replicated, one may want to investigate sources of other potential
tests of suggestibility.
The results of the current study hold implications
for interviews with children in forensic and clinical settings. First of
all, the person who conducts the interview has a significant influence
on the child who is giving information. It appears that children are more
intimidated and wish to please the interviewer when he or she is perceived
as an authority figure. This is consistent with the current research on
children and authority. In this condition, children will more likely acquiesce
to whatever pieces of information that is fed to them by an interviewer.
Second, it appears that the most beneficial way
to ask children in this age group questions is through an open-ended format.
If the event is salient in the child’s mind, he or she should not have
any difficulty in recalling it. This is something that was not reflected
in the current study. Children in the current study may have had trouble
recalling events in the story told because they did not find them particularly
meaningful.
Overall, it may be said that perhaps more precautions,
such as the Criminal Justice Act and the Memorandum of Practice used in
Great Britain, need to be taken in forensic areas where children are involved.
Despite its limitations, the current study has provided additional support
to the current ideologies on children’s suggestibility level and
their ability to be especially persuadable by adults.
Regarding future directions, further research should
be conducted on the interaction between perceived authority and suggestibility.
Future studies may want to make the difference between the perceived authority
and non-authority figures even more extreme. It would also be beneficial
to add a warning, as was done by Endres et al. in 1999.
Other factors that need additional research to
increase the understanding of this phenomena are the role of intrusions
and shifting. These two concepts should be explored further using a measure
that specifically measures these concepts. In the complex interplay of
suggestibility, these seem to be important factors.
While much has been learned about suggestibility,
some of the research confounds each other and many factors have yet to
be paired together to create an additional end result. Further research
should proceed in this direction.