Participants
The participants in the current study were 39 college-aged females, recruited
from a small, liberal arts college in Southern New Hampshire. A normal
college sample was chosen to use because a number of ethical considerations
arise when using a sample with diagnosed eating disorders. Therefore,
the body image and eating behaviors of a general college population were
correlated with perceived social support.
Materials
Participants were asked to respond to questionnaires measuring body image
satisfaction and perceived social support. The Body Image Avoidance
Questionnaire (Rosen, Srebnik, Saltzberg, & Wendt, 1991) and the Multidimensional
Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (Cash and Pruzinsky, 1990) were given
to measure the degree of body satisfaction in the participants. The
Eating Disorder Inventory – II (Garner, 1991) was also given to measure
body image and attitudes toward food. The Multidimensional Scale
of Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, & Farley, 1988)
and the Perceived Social Support – Friend and Perceived Social Support
– Family Scale (Procidano & Heller, 1983) were administered to measure
the degree of perceived family and friend social support.
The Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire is a 19-item instrument which has
been used to measure behaviors that often coexist with body-image disturbance.
This test has a Cronbach’s alpha of .89 for internal consistency and the
validity has been correlated with a number of equivalent tests.
The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire is a 69 item instrument
used to measure attitudes regarding body-image. This test has been
found to have good reliability and validity. This study used the
subscale of Body Areas Satisfaction from this questionnaire. Body
Areas Satisfaction measures satisfaction with specific areas of one’s appearance.
The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support is a 12 item instrument
used to measure perceived social support from family, friends, and significant
others. The internal consistency of this instrument has been found
with an alpha of .91 and also has good validity. Finally, the Perceived
Social Support Friend and Family Scales are used to measure social support
from family and friends through two 20 item instruments. This test
has been found to have good reliability and validity.
The Eating Disorder Inventory – II (EDI-II) is a 91 item questionnaire
that is widely used to measure the symptoms associated with anorexia nervosa
and bulimia nervosa. It has a number of subscales: the Drive
for Thinness, Bulimia, Body Dissatisfaction, Ineffectiveness, Perfectionism,
Interpersonal Distrust, Introspective Awareness, Maturity Fears, Asceticism,
Impulse Regulation, and Social Insecurity.
The Drive for Thinness and Bulimia subscales were used to look at participants’
eating behaviors and their attitudes toward food. The Drive for Thinness
subscale measures excessive concern with dieting, preoccupation with weight,
and the fear of weight gain. The Bulimia subscale looks at the tendency
to think about and to engage in binge eating. The Body Dissatisfaction
subscale was also used which measures dissatisfaction with the overall
shape of the body and with the size of those areas of the body that are
the greatest concern to those with eating disorders. Finally the
Interpersonal Distrust subscale was used to look at social support.
This subscale measures a person’s feeling of alienation, reluctance to
form close relationships or to express thoughts or feelings to others.
Internal consistency reliability for the different subscales ranges from
.70 to .93, depending on the subscale and the sample measured by the questionnaire.
The EDI-II has demonstrated good test-retest reliability, along with many
different types of validity. The EDI-II is a reliable and valid self-report
measure and is respected in the psychological community.
Procedure
Recruited participants were asked to sign an informed consent form before
the study began. The participants were then asked to complete the
five questionnaires in the order they had been given by the researcher.
For 31 of the participants, the study was conducted in a classroom setting
on the college campus. However, 8 participants were asked to complete
the questionnaires at home and return them to the researcher. All participants
were debriefed about the study through a debriefing form. They were
instructed to contact the researcher by telephone or through e-mail regarding
any future questions. The data was then analyzed by the researcher
using a Pearson correlation.
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