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PRIMARY ** |
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SECONDARY |
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TERTIARY |
| DEFINITION |
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An original object or document—the raw research or first-hand information. |
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Comments on, interpretations of, or discussions about the primary or original source. |
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Provide background information or compilations by synthesizing information gathered from other sources, usually secondary sources. |
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| TIMING |
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Primary sources usually come first in the timing of scholarly publication. |
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Secondary sources usually come second in the timing of scholarly publication. |
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Tertiary sources usually come third or last in the timing of scholarly publication. |
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| TYPES |
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• Letters & diaries
• Speeches and interviews
• First-hand news accounts
• Government reports
• Laws and legislation
• Creative writings (ex. novels or
poetry)
• Results of scientific experiments
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• Critical reaction to an
experiment or to a piece of
literature
• Analysis of social, cultural or
economic trends
• Review of the literature on a
topic
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• Overviews or background info
(ex. encyclopedias)
• Compilation of citations and
abstracts (ex. library
databases)
• Statistical handbooks
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EXAMPLES ***
Politics Major
(studying terrorism in the wake of the 9/11 attacks)
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National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. (2004). The 9/11 Commission report: final report. New York: Norton. |
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Carpenter, T. (2005, Winter). Missed Opportunities: The 9/11 Commission Report and US Foreign Policy. Mediterranean Quarterly, 16(1), 52-61. |
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• Worldwide Political Science
Abstracts (Library database)
• Encyclopedia of terrorism and
political violence
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EXAMPLES ***
English Major
(studying creative writings about terrorism) |
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Updike, J. (2006). Terrorist (a novel). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. |
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Steyn, M. (2006, July 31). Why John Updike's book is a bomb. Maclean's, 119 (29), 58–59. |
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• Literature Resource Center
(Library database)
• Miller, R. (1988). The literature
of terrorism. Terrorism 11 (1),
63–87.
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EXAMPLES ***
Psychology Major
(studying the psychological effects of the 9/11 Attacks on children)
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Schuster, M. A., B. D."A National Survey of Stress Reactions After the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks," New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 345, No. 20, November 15, 2001, pp. 1507–1512.
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Alexander, G. (2007). International relations theory meets world politics. In Understanding the Bush Doctrine: Psychology and strategy in an age of terrorism (pp. 39–64). New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. |
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• PsycINFO (Library database)
• Kazdin, A. E. (2000).
Encyclopedia of psychology.
Washington, D.C.: American
Psychological Association.
• American Psychiatric
Association. (1994).
Diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders
DSM-IV. Washington, DC:
American Psychiatric
Association.
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EXAMPLES ***
Biology Major
(studying bioterrorism)
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United States. (2003). Project Bioshield Act of 2003 report (to accompany H.R. 2122). Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O. |
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Alexander, D., & Klein, S. (2003, December). Biochemical terrorism: too awful to contemplate, too serious to ignore: subjective literature review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183 (6), 491–497. |
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• Biological Sciences (Library
database)
• Pilch, R. F., & Zilinskas, R. A.
(2005). Encyclopedia of
bioterrorism defense.
Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-LISS.
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